Sotaque premiado: a incidência de medalhas naturalizadas nos jogos olímpicos Rio 2016 / Acento premiado: la incidencia de medallas naturalizadas en los juegos olímpicos de Río 2016 / Awarded accent: the incidence of naturalized medals in the Rio 2016 olympic games

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi descrever a incidência de medalhistas olímpicos naturalizados nos Jogos Olímpicos do Rio de Janeiro em 2016. Trata-se de uma pesquisa quantitativa de natureza descritiva. Os resultados demonstram que 6,7% das medalhas foram distribuídas para atletas naturalizados, o que corresponde a 6,9% do total de atletas vencedores de medalhas. Os resultados apontam ainda que a maior parte do fluxo migratório de atletas medalhistas ocorreu de países de menor desempenho econômico para os de maior desempenho econômico e de países de menor desempenho olímpico para países de maior desempenho olímpico. As conclusões indicam que o atual contexto de naturalização de atletas tende a ser mais benéfico aos países de grande desempenho econômico e olímpico, bem como aos países de grande desempenho econômico, mas sem tradição no esporte, sendo desvantajoso aos países de baixo desempenho econômico.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue describir la incidencia de medallistas olímpicos naturalizados en los Juegos Olímpicos de Rio de Janeiro en 2016. Es una investigación cuantitativa con carácter descriptivo. Los resultados muestran que el 6,7% de las medallas se distribuyeron entre deportistas naturalizados, lo que corresponde a un 6,9% del total de deportistas medallistas. Los resultados también muestran que la mayor parte del flujo migratorio de atletas medallistas se dio desde países con menor desempeño económico hacia los de mayor desempeño económico y desde países con menor desempeño olímpico hacia países con mayor desempeño olímpico. Las conclusiones indican que el actual contexto de naturalización de deportistas tiende a ser más beneficioso para los países con alto rendimiento económico y olímpico, así como para países con alto rendimiento económico, pero sin tradición en el deporte, al tiempo que implica desventaja para países con bajo rendimiento económico.

Abstract The study aimed to describe the incidence of Olympic medalists naturalized at the Rio de Janeiro Olympic Games in 2016. It is a quantitative research of a descriptive nature. The results show that 6.6% of the medals were distributed to naturalized athletes, which corresponds to 6.9% of the total medal-winning athletes. The results also point out that most of the migratory flow of medalist athletes occurred from countries with lower economic performance to those with higher economic performance and from countries with lower Olympic performance to countries with higher Olympic performance. The conclusions indicate that the current context of naturalization of athletes tends to be more beneficial to countries with high economic and Olympic performance, as well as to countries with high economic performance, but without tradition in sport, being disadvantageous to countries with low economic performance.

Development and Effects of Smartphone App-Based Exercise Program for Hemodialysis Patients / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: To examine the effects of a smartphone application-based exercise program on self-efficacy expectations (SEE) and outcome expectations regarding exercise (OEE), physical fitness, activity level, physiological indices, and health-related quality of life in a sample of hemodialysis patients.METHODS: A quasi-experimental control group pre-test post-test design was used. Subjects were recruited from two university hospitals in G city. The subjects were assigned randomly by coin toss: 33 participants to the experimental group and 30 to the control group. A literature review and the self-efficacy theory were used to develop the smartphone program. Experts designed and verified the program to be userfriendly and in consideration of user interaction. Data were collected through a self-report pre-test post-test questionnaire and online medical records.RESULTS: In the experimental group, the levels of physical fitness and physical activity were significantly improved post-test, but the scores on health-related quality of life and the physical indices did not improve. In the experimental group, the SEE and OEE post-test scores were also significantly higher than the pre-test scores, but the control group's scores did not change.CONCLUSION: The smartphone application-based exercise program based on self-efficacy theory significantly improved the level of physical fitness and activity, SEE, and OEE for hemodialysis patients. The use of this application-based exercise program for hemodialysis patients might be an effective nursing intervention tool for improving SEE, OEE, level of physical fitness, and physical activity.

Primary Age-Related Tauopathy: An Elderly Brain Pathology Frequently Encountered during Autopsy

Due to the progressive aging of Korean society and the introduction of brain banks to the Korean medical system, the possibility that pathologists will have access to healthy elderly brains has increased. The histopathological analysis of an elderly brain from a subject with relatively well-preserved cognition is quite different from that of a brain from a demented subject. Additionally, the histology of elderly brains differs from that of young brains. This brief review discusses primary age-related tauopathy; this term was coined to describe elderly brains with Alzheimer’s diseasetype neurofibrillary tangles mainly confined to medial temporal structures, and no β-amyloid pathology.

Assessing the Parasitic Burden in a Late Antique Florentine Emergency Burial Site

Excavation (2008–2014) carried out under the Uffizi Gallery (Florence, Italy) led to the discovery of 75 individuals, mostly buried in multiple graves. Based on Roman minted coins, the graves were preliminarily dated between the second half of the 4th and the beginning of the 5th centuries CE. Taphonomy showed that this was an emergency burial site associated with a catastrophic event, possibly an epidemic of unknown etiology with high mortality rates. In this perspective, paleoparasitological investigations were performed on 18 individuals exhumed from 9 multiple graves to assess the burden of gastrointestinal parasitism. Five out of eighteen individuals (27.7%) tested positive for ascarid-type remains; these are considered as “decorticated” Ascaris eggs, which have lost their outer mammillated coat. Roundworms (genus Ascaris) commonly infest human populations under dire sanitary conditions. Archaeological and historical evidence indicates that Florentia suffered a period of economic crisis between the end of 4th and the beginning of the 5th centuries CE, and that the aqueduct was severely damaged at the beginning of the 4th century CE, possibly during the siege of the Goths (406 CE). It is more than plausible that the epidemic, possibly coupled with the disruption of the aqueduct, deeply affected the living conditions of these individuals. A 27.7% frequency suggests that ascariasis was widespread in this population. This investigation exemplifies how paleoparasitological information can be retrieved from the analysis of sediments sampled in cemeteries, thus allowing a better assessment of the varying frequency of parasitic infections among ancient populations.

Impaction of Coin Battery in the Appendix / 대한소화기학회지

Coin batteries are often used in daily life devices and can be easily available. Children can swallow coin batteries, resulting in the need to go to hospital, but this is rare in adults. Adults generally eliminate the swallowed coin battery from the digestive system, unless they have congenital structural abnormalities of the digestive system or complications, such as postoperative stenosis. In this case, a 31-year-old man swallowed three coin batteries, approximately 0.4 cm in diameter emergent endoscopy was unable to find any batteries embedded in the ingested food. An attempt was made to rinse out the batteries by bowel preparation. During the hospital stay, the patient complained of acute abdominal pain and fever. In the abdominal CT scan, impaction of the coin battery into the appendix was confirmed. The patient underwent a laparoscopic appendectomy to prevent appendiceal perforation.

Impaction of Coin Battery in the Appendix / 대한소화기병학회잡지

Coin batteries are often used in daily life devices and can be easily available. Children can swallow coin batteries, resulting in the need to go to hospital, but this is rare in adults. Adults generally eliminate the swallowed coin battery from the digestive system, unless they have congenital structural abnormalities of the digestive system or complications, such as postoperative stenosis. In this case, a 31-year-old man swallowed three coin batteries, approximately 0.4 cm in diameter emergent endoscopy was unable to find any batteries embedded in the ingested food. An attempt was made to rinse out the batteries by bowel preparation. During the hospital stay, the patient complained of acute abdominal pain and fever. In the abdominal CT scan, impaction of the coin battery into the appendix was confirmed. The patient underwent a laparoscopic appendectomy to prevent appendiceal perforation.

Swing-Door Overlay Tympanoplasty: Surgical Technique and Outcomes

OBJECTIVES: The classical overlay tympanoplasty is technically difficult with some disadvantages and thus less popular. However, it is particularly useful for large, anterior perforations. In this study, we describe the technique of a modified overlay graft in the tympanoplasty coined as the swing-door overlay tympanoplasty and report its outcomes. METHODS: Retrospective review of patients undergoing the swing-door overlay tympanoplasty at a tertiary referral center between 2003 and 2016 was performed. Patient who had ossicular abnormality, previous tympanoplasty, and profound hearing loss were excluded. The surgical technique is described in detail. The outcomes were evaluated by the graft success rate, complication rate, and hearing results. The hearing level was determined by four pure-tone average at 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz. Air-bone gap closure was mainly assessed. RESULTS: A total of 306 patients (110 males and 196 females) were included. The mean age was 49.1±16.6 years. Follow-up periods ranged from 6 to 108 months with an average of 18.4 months. The overall graft success rate reached 98.4%. Five graft failures occurred with reperforation in three cases and lateralization in two cases. Postoperative complications occurred in 12 cases (3.9%). Air-bone gap changes (closures) were 7.8±12.8, 5.2±12.2, 5.7±10.2, and 6.0± 12.8 dB at 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz, respectively (all P < 0.001) with an average improvement of 6.2 dB. Postoperative airbone gap was closed to ≤20 dB in 86.9%. CONCLUSION: The swing-door overlay tympanoplasty is a highly successful surgical technique suitable for all types of tympanic membrane perforations. This approach is technically easier than classical overlay tympanoplasty and affords an excellent graft success rate with satisfying hearing results.

Gland Attenuation, a Novel Morphological Feature of Colorectal Cancer: Evidence for an Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition

PURPOSE: Along the invasive margin, colorectal cancer may show distinctive morphologic changes characterized by an asymmetrically attenuating tumor gland with loss of polarity. The author coined the term ‘gland attenuation (GA)’ for these peculiar changes. The aims of this study were to compare the immunoreactivity of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers E-cadherin and β-catenin and thus determine whether EMTs occurs at tumor budding (TB) or GA sites and to assess the association of TB and/or GA levels with clinicopathological parameters and prognosis. METHODS: Expression patterns of E-cadherin and β-catenin in the tumor centers at GA and TB sites were examined in 101 patients with well or moderately differentiated CRCs, and the prognostic significance of TB and/or GA was statistically evaluated. RESULTS: GA foci, as well as TB foci, revealed loss of membranous and cytoplasmic E-cadherin expressions and aberrant β-catenin expression with reduced membranous expression and increased localization to the nucleus, suggesting that EMTs occur in GA as well as in TB. The high-TB and the TB-dominant groups were significantly correlated with advanced invasion depth, presence of lymph node metastasis, advanced pathologic staging and presence of lymphovascular invasion. The high-TB and the TB-dominant groups showed poor overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS), and high TB was an independent prognostic factor in the multivariate analyses for OS and RFS. CONCLUSION: This study showed evidence that EMTs occurs at GA sites as well as TB foci. TB is a strong and independent prognostic factor, and TB-dominance may be an indicator of adverse clinical outcome.

A 12-Week Multi-Domain Lifestyle Modification to Reduce Depressive Symptoms in Older Adults: A Preliminary Report

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of usual care management (UCM) and a newly-developed lifestyle modification with contingency management (LMCM) for geriatric depressive symptoms in the community. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial was conducted in 93 older adults with major depressive disorder at community mental health centers. A 12 week multi-domain LMCM was developed by providing positive reinforcement using ‘gold medal stickers’ as a symbolic incentive to motivate their participation and adherence. Participants were allocated to LMCM (n=47) and UCM (n=46) groups. They were then subjected to the 12 week treatment. Effects of the two intervention methods on Geriatric Depression Scale were determined using mixed model analysis. RESULTS: Participants in the LMCM group had greater decline in GDS score per month than participants in the UCM group after adjusting for age, sex, years of education, living alone, and MMSE scores at baseline examination [coefficient for GDS score (95% CI): -1.08 (-1.51, -0.65), p < 0.001, reference: UCM group]. CONCLUSION: LMCM is safe and easy to use with a low cost. LMCM is suitable as psychosocial intervention for older adults with depressive symptoms in the community.

Foreign Body Ingestion in Children

Foreign body (FB) ingestion in children is common and most children are observed to be between 6 months and 3 years of age. Although most FBs in the gastrointestinal tract pass spontaneously without complications, endoscopic or surgical removal may be required in a few children. Thus, FB ingestion presents a significant clinical difficulty in pediatric gastroenterological practice. Parameters that need to be considered regarding the timing of endoscopic removal of ingested FBs in children are the children's age or body weight, the clinical presentation, time lapse since ingestion, time of last meal, type as well as size and shape of the FB, and its current location in the gastrointestinal tract. Esophageal button batteries require emergency removal regardless of the presence of symptoms because they can cause serious complications. Coins, magnets, or sharp FBs in the esophagus should be removed within 2 hours in symptomatic and within 24 hours in asymptomatic children. Among those presenting with a single or multiple magnets and a metallic FB that have advanced beyond the stomach, symptomatic children need a consultation with a pediatric surgeon for surgery, and asymptomatic children may be followed with serial X-rays to assess progression. Sharp or pointed, and long or large and wide FBs located in the esophagus or stomach require endoscopic removal.

Inusual hallazgo de dos monedas juntas en esófago de pacientes pediátricos: Reporte de dos casos / An unusual finding of two coins together in the esophagus of pediatric patients: Report of two cases

La ingestión de cuerpos extraños (CE) es un motivo de consulta frecuente en los Servicios de Urgencia Pediátricos. Los estudios reportan que en la edad pediátrica se presenta el 80% de los CE, siendo más frecuente entre los 6 meses y los 3 años de edad, constituyendo la segunda causa de endoscopía digestiva urgente en pediatría. En 80 a 90% de los casos el CE pasa espontáneamente a través del tracto gastrointestinal superior; sin embargo, en ocasiones se aloja en el esófago y debe ser extraído para evitar complicaciones peligrosas como obstrucción o perforación del tracto digestivo superior, sangrado, úlceras, o fístulas. La ingesta e impactación de cuerpos extraños múltiples en el esófago, es un evento muy pocas veces reportado en población infantil. La mayoría de reportes, corresponde a la ingesta de magnetos, que aunque siendo aún de presentación infrecuente, pueden causar serias complicaciones gastrointestinales debido a que la atracción entre ellos puede atrapar las paredes de múltiples asas intestinales provocando perforación, formación de fistulas, vólvulos, hemorragia intraperitoneal e incluso la muerte. Aunque las monedas son los cuerpos extraños más comúnmente encontrados en esófago en niños, el hallazgo de múltiples monedas es en evento muy pocas veces reportado. Se presentan dos casos de pacientes pediátricos atendidos en el servicio de emergencia, con el hallazgo de dos monedas juntas y alineadas a nivel esofágico.

The ingestion of foreign bodies (EB) is a frequent complaint in the Pediatric Emergency Services. Studies report that in children occurs 80% of the EC, most frequently between 6 months and 3 years old and the second held because of urgent endoscopy in pediatrics. In 80-90% of cases the CE spontaneously passes through the upper gastrointestinal tract, however occasionally staying in the esophagus and should be removed to avoid dangerous complications such as obstruction or perforation of the upper digestive tract bleeding, ulcers, or fistulas. Intake and impaction of multiple foreign bodies in the esophagus, is a few event times reported in children. Most reports, corresponds to the ingestion of magnets, although still rare even presentation, can cause serious gastrointestinal complications, because the attraction between them can trap walls causing multiple small bowel perforation, fistula formation, volvulus, intraperitoneal hemorrhage and even death. Although the coins are the most commonly found foreign bodies in esophagus in children, the discovery of multiple currencies is very few times reported event. Two cases of pediatric patients treated in the emergency, with the discovery of two coins together and aligned with esophageal level is presented.

The use of digital periapical radiographs to study the prevalence of alveolar domes

PURPOSE: In the present study, we coined the term 'alveolar dome' and aimed to demonstrate the prevalence of alveolar domes through digital periapical radiographs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study examined 800 digital periapical radiographs in regard to the presence of alveolar domes. The periapical radiographs were acquired by a digital system using a photostimulable phosphor (PSP) plate. The χ2 test, with a significance level of 5%, was used to compare the prevalence of alveolar domes in the maxillary posterior teeth and, considering the same teeth, to verify the difference in the prevalence of dome-shaped phenomena between the roots. RESULTS: The prevalence of alveolar domes present in the first pre-molars was statistically lower as compared to the other maxillary posterior teeth (p<0.05). No statistically significant difference was observed in the prevalence of alveolar domes between the maxillary first and second molars. Considering the maxillary first and second molars, it was observed that the palatal root presented a lower prevalence of alveolar domes when compared to the distobuccal and mesiobuccal roots (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The present study coined the term 'alveolar dome', referring to the anatomical projection of the root into the floor of the maxillary sinus. The maxillary first and second molars presented a greater prevalence of alveolar domes, especially in the buccal roots, followed by the third molars and second pre-molars. Although the periapical radiograph is a two-dimensional method, it can provide dentists with the auxiliary information necessary to identify alveolar domes, thus improving diagnosis, planning, and treatment.

Foreign Body Ingestion in Children: Should Button Batteries in the Stomach Be Urgently Removed? / 대한소아소화기영양학회지

PURPOSE: Foreign body (FB) ingestion is common in children, and button battery (BB) ingestion has been increasing in recent years. This study was to identify factors related to outcomes of FB ingestion, particularly BBs in the stomach. We evaluated whether the current recommendations are appropriate and aimed to suggest indications for endoscopic removal of BB in the stomach in young children. METHODS: We investigated patient age, shape, size, location of FBs, spontaneous passage time and resulting complications among 76 children. We observed types, size, location of BB and outcomes, and analyzed their associations with complications. RESULTS: Coins and BB were the two most common FBs. Their shapes and sizes were not associated with the spontaneous passage time. Size, spontaneous passage time, and age were also not associated with any specific complications. For BB ingestion, all 5 cases with lithium batteries (≥1.5 cm, 3 V) presented moderate to major complications in the esophagus and stomach without any symptoms, even when the batteries were in the stomach and beyond the duodenum, while no complications were noted in 7 cases with alkaline batteries (<1.5 cm, 1.5 V) (p=0.001). All endoscopies were conducted within 24 hours after ingestion. CONCLUSION: The type and voltage of the battery should be considered when determining whether endoscopy is required to remove a BB in the stomach. For lithium battery ingestion in young children, urgent endoscopic removal might be important in order to prevent complications, even if the child is asymptomatic and the battery is smaller than 2 cm.

Statistical basis for pharmacometrics: random variables and their distribution functions, expected values, and correlation coefficient

For pharmacometricians, probability theory is the very first obstacle towards the statistics since it is solely founded on mathematics. The purpose of this tutorial is to provide a simple version of introduction to a univariate random variable, its mean, variance, and the correlation coefficient of two random variables using as simple mathematics as possible. The definitions and theorems in this tutorial appear in most of the statistics books in common. Most examples are small and free of subjects like coins, dice, and binary signals so that the readers can intuitively understand them.

Risk Factors for Severe Complications in Patients with Esophageal Foreign Bodies / 대한내과학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Complications by ingested foreign bodies are uncommon, since successful removal by endoscopy occurs in most cases. However, severe complications, such as perforation, can result in death. The aim of this study was to determine the risk factors associated with severe complications in patients with esophageal foreign bodies. METHODS: This study involved 298 patients who underwent successful removal of an esophageal foreign body between January 2001 and December 2014 at Dankook University Hospital. Medical records were reviewed retrospectively. Severe complications were defined as laceration, unstoppable bleeding with simple irrigation, or perforation. Risk factors for severe complications were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: The most common foreign bodies in adults and pediatrics were fish bones (52.0%) and coins (61.0%). Complications included erosion, ulcer, laceration, bleeding, and perforation. Using multivariate analysis, the type (fish bone, odds ratio [OR] = 2.306, p = 0.004) and size (> 25 mm, OR = 2.614, p = 0.001) of the obstruction and duration of impaction (> 24 hours, OR = 1.887, p = 0.035) were risk factors for severe complications including laceration, bleeding, and perforation. For perforation, duration of impaction (> 24 hours, OR = 41.700, p = 0.005) was a statistically significant risk factor. In two patients, delayed perforation occurred despite successful endoscopic removal of the foreign body. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with esophageal fish bone foreign bodies, foreign bodies larger than 25 mm, and a duration of impaction longer than 24 hours should be treated carefully considering the possibility of severe complications. Specifically, patients with a duration of impaction longer than 24 hours should be closely observed due to increased risk of perforation and potential delayed perforation even after successful endoscopic removal.

Historical Review of Park Myungja, very Pioneering and Creative Registered Nurse who winned the Florence Nightingale Medal / 한국간호교육학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to present a model for R.N. and nursing students. METHODS: Main primary sources were certificates, writings, news and articles. On the basis of them, her life was described over time and analyzed on the secondary sources. RESULTS: Park Myungja faced Korean War as a nursing student and became the military officer of nursing. In 1950s and 1960s she worked hard to improve the operation room nursing. And she devoted herself to improve nursing education and help her students. Park Myungja became a military training teacher in 1972 and included first aid with the military training course. As a researcher of Korean National Open University, she tried to develop a course that R.N.s can receive a bachelor's degree in Nursing. Her last formal career was the head of a middle school, and she established the first nursery facility for the teachers. After the retirement, she devoted herself to the volunteer works, especially such as the hospice care, free clothes making, and Taichi teaching to arthritis patients. CONCLUSION: Park's life has been that of a R.N and volunteer. She has been very creative to find what she could do and pioneering to accomplish them.

Cuerpo extraño gastrointestinal en niños / Gastrointestinal foreign body in children

Gastrointestinal foreign bodies (FB) are frequent complaints in the emergency departments, with esophageal foreign bodies as the most frequent cases. Symptoms are varied and depend on the location of the FB, with several techniques available for removal. Objective: To describe the FB removed by endoscopy in children as well as the consulting population characteristics. Patients and Method: Patient chart reviews of those who, during the last six years, underwent gastrointestinal endoscopy were performed. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. Results: 51 patients, 28 males and 23 females, with average age of four years old, underwent endoscopy due to FB intake. The most common symptoms were drooling (45%) and dysphagia (35%); the FBs were extracted mostly under general anesthesia. Coins were the most common foreign bodies found (57%) and they were mainly located in the esophagus (91%). All bodies were extracted by direct endoscopy or endoscopically assisted extraction; lesions that corresponded to erosions were found in 19 (37%) patients and ulcers in 4 (8%). There were no complications. Conclusions: Endoscopic removal of gastrointestinal FBs is a safe procedure. Given the risk of serious injury, especially in foreign bodies in the esophagus, performing endoscopy within a reasonable time must always be considered. Management protocols are necessary to unify the standards of those working in emergency rooms, having in mind that the most important strategy is prevention.

Los cuerpos extraños (CE) gastrointestinales son motivo de consulta frecuente en los servicios de urgencia, siendo los esofágicos los de mayor riesgo Los síntomas de presentación son variados y dependen de la ubicación del CE, existiendo diversas técnicas para su extracción. Objetivo: Describir las características de la población consultante y de los CE retirados por endoscopia en niños. Pacientes y Método: Se realizó una revisión de los últimos 6 años, de las fichas de los pacientes a los que se le indicó una endoscopía digestiva por CE gastrointestinal. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva para el análisis de los datos. Resultados: 51 pacientes, 28 hombres y 23 mujeres, con un promedio de edad de 4 años, fueron sometidos a endoscopía digestiva por ingesta de CE. Los síntomas de presentación más frecuentes fueron la sialorrea (45%) y la disfagia (35%), siendo extraídos los CE en su mayoría con anestesia general. Los CE más frecuentemente fueron monedas (57%) y se ubicaron principalmente en esófago (91%). Todos se extrajeron mediante endoscopía directa o con asistencia endoscópica y las lesiones encontradas fueron erosiones en 19 (37%) pacientes y úlceras en 4 (8%). No hubo complicaciones. Conclusiones: La extracción endoscópica de CE gastrointestinales es un procedimiento seguro. Dado el riesgo de lesiones graves, especialmente en los CE de ubicación esofágica, debe considerarse siempre la realización de la endoscopía dentro de un plazo prudente. Los protocolos de manejo son necesarios para unificar los criterios de las personas que trabajan en los servicios de urgencia teniendo presente que la estrategia más importante es la prevención.

The establishment of medical terms in Korea

The first Medical Terminology was published by the Korean Medical Association in 1977 in Korea. Since then 4 more editions of Medical Terminology have been published. The final one, the 5th edition was published in 2009. Among these, in the 3rd edition, almost all of the medical terms were words in Chinese characters. In contrast, the 4th edition had been completely changed. Almost all of the terms were Hangul (Korean language) terms. The 5th edition accepted both terms in Chinese characters and Hangul terms. Owing to this major shift in medical terminology, users of medical terms have been greatly inconvenienced. At present, the Medical Terminology Committee of the Korean Medical Association are carrying out the work of selecting the representative term for each medical term. Medical terms should be easily understandable because medical terms are used by lay people as well as medical doctors. For easy and efficient communication between the doctor and the patient, it is not important whether the term is in Chinese characters or Hangul terms. The work of selecting representative terms should be carried out in rational way. Close communication and cooperation between the Medical Terminology Committee of the Korean Medical Association and each academic medical society in the Republic of Korea is necessary for consistency in establishing medical terminology. A system for collection and translation of medical terms newly coined and imported from abroad should be developed.

Hong Seok-hoo's Translation of "New Edition of Physiology Textbook"(1906) and its Meanings / 의사학

Hong Seok-hoo, who took charge of Jejungwon, was successful in translating Jiro Tsuboi's book titled "Sinpyeonsaengnigyogwaseo (1897)" and publishing it with a title of "New Edition of Physiology Textbook" in 1906. Jiro Tsuboi, the original author of that book, was a doctor having majored in Hygienics in Germany and was also known to have done pioneering work in Hygienics and Occupational and Environmental Medicine in Japan. At that time, he wrote that book for the purpose of teaching his students at Ordinary Middle School and Normal School. Therefore, it was not intended as a Physiology textbook for medical students, but an introductory book explaining Physiology with a wide range of subjects including hygienic matters in a broader sense. Hong Seok-hoo made an almost complete translation of the "New Edition of Physiology Textbook." While editing the book, however, he changed some of the most Japanese-style contents to meet the Korean conditions then, and made up for some insufficient contents with reference to the original author's other books. Although it was not included in an original version of that book, he also compiled a physiology dictionary in order to help Korean readers acquire medical terms in a more systematic way. Just like other textbooks of Jejungwon, the "New Edition of Physiology Textbook" was also put into Korean only. Hong Seok-hoo accepted Japanese-style medical terms, but also changed some of them or coined new words, considering the Korean circumstances then. He seemed to do so in an effort to introduce Western medicine in a more independent way while overcoming his limitations of translation. In particular, this book criticized that a long-term use of cosmetics might cause a serious lead poisoning from a Christian viewpoint, saying that a God-created human body should be kept intact as it is. In addition, in the course of reediting premodern books, the term "Lord" was changed into "God," which is considered a kind of fusion between traditional values and missionary medicine. While translating books, Jejungwon could put such fusion into practice because it was a hospital established under the banner of the propagation of Christianity. Besides the "New Edition of Physiology Textbook," at least five physiology textbooks were also translated into Korean in the last years of Daehan Empire for the purpose of teaching students modern subjects like Physiology, Health and Hygienics in educational institutions including Boseong School, Hwimun School and Soongsil School. On the other hand, the "New Edition of Physiology Textbook" was first translated at the end of Daehan Empire in order to foster more professional doctors in medical schools compared to those schools. In this respect, by translating the "New Edition of Physiology Textbook," Jejungwon can be considered as playing a pioneering role in translating Physiology textbooks in the late Daehan Empire.